Which components are included in multidimensional poverty beyond income?

• A. Education, Health, Living Standards, and Access to Services
• B. GDP per Capita and Inflation Rates
• C. Housing Policies and Urban Planning
• D. Social Capital and Cultural Heritage

Answer: (A)

Multidimensional poverty measures deprivation in several areas of daily life, not just income. It combines different facets that affect a person’s ability to live a decent life: education and health reflect whether someone has the opportunities and well-being needed to pursue a better future; living standards cover the material conditions that support a dignified life; and access to services ensures people can obtain essential help and opportunities when needed.

Education and Health show whether a person is deprived of essential capabilities—being able to read, learn, stay healthy, and participate in society. Living Standards includes things like adequate housing, reliable electricity, clean water, and sanitation, which are basic necessities for everyday functioning. Access to Services captures the ability to use important services such as healthcare, schools, and other institutions that support well-being and development.

The other options don’t fit because they focus on macroeconomic indicators (like GDP per capita and inflation), policy-level planning (housing policies and urban planning), or social/cultural factors (social capital and cultural heritage) rather than the actual deprivations people face in day-to-day life.