Which figure enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among nation-states?

• A. Kant
• B. Mazzini
• C. Wilson
• D. Marx

Answer: (B)

Cooperation and respect among nation-states are ideas that flow from a cosmopolitan vision of humanity, where nations are seen as members of a broader human community and have duties to one another beyond narrow self-interest. Giuseppe Mazzini argued for universal fraternity and republican liberty across nations, envisioning a world where peoples collaborate and respect each other’s rights as part of a common human family. This emphasis on moral solidarity and interdependence among nations aligns closely with enshrining those principles. The other figures contribute important angles—Kant theorized perpetual peace through a federation of free states, Wilson promoted formal international cooperation via the League of Nations, and Marx analyzed internationalism through class dynamics rather than interstate respect. Thus, Mazzini best captures the idea of cooperation and mutual respect among nations.