Which term corresponds to the process of opening up economies by reducing tariffs?

• A. Industrial policy
• B. Tariff liberalization
• C. Tariff protectionism
• D. Economic nationalism

Answer: (B)

Tariff liberalization is the idea of opening economies to more trade by lowering or removing tariffs on imports. This approach reduces the cost of foreign goods, encourages competition, and helps create a more integrated market across borders. It often happens through trade agreements and international institutions that commit to lower barriers, boosting overall efficiency and growth as countries specialize and trade more freely.

This differs from industrial policy, which is about specific government efforts to promote or protect particular domestic industries; tariff protectionism, which keeps tariffs high to shield domestic producers; and economic nationalism, which emphasizes prioritizing national interests and may involve broader protectionist measures beyond tariffs.